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In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, two additional developments enforced the hierarchy. First, the definition of a clear class of ‘fine arts’ split aesthetic creativity away from the mere craft expertise of the mechanical arts. Second, the connection of ‘science’ to industry was topic to considerable boundary work as scientists and engineers professionalized. Yet even for a current English word ‘technology’ has come to embrace typically conflicting meanings. First, I will provide a abstract of Eric Schatzberg’s essential new opus Technology, which untangles and clarifies the history of ‘technology’ and its cognates as actors’ classes. So ‘technology’ entered the 20 th century because the science of the commercial arts, a time period of art for the German cameralists and a brand-like placeholder time period in the United States. Yet finally the German idea of Technik would have a lot greater affect. After 1850 German engineers embraced the term Technik in a broad sense, not